• April 28, 2024

Get Real Estate Data

Realtor.com Real Estate Data and Market Trends for Download

Real Estate Data Library
Data Attribution: Files in the real estate data library are free to use, we just ask that you attribute any full or partial use of the data to with a link to this page. See specific notes on attribution for each data series under sections below.
How to use the data: Files are structured for database use, and contain multiple metrics for different levels of geography down to zip code level. ‘Current month data’ shows figures for the latest month available, while the ‘Historical data’ contains monthly series going back in time. The ‘All Residential’ category includes data on all homes (single family home and condo/townhome) for the given level of geography. See key remarks for important info regarding data quality and usage.
Key remarks: Data in this library is based on the most comprehensive and accurate database of MLS-listed for-sale homes in the industry. We aggregate and analyze data from hundreds of sources and produce hundreds of metrics for multiple markets, and curate figures and trends where possible for reliability and comparability. However, as we continue to evolve our coverage and fine-tune our definitions, some data points may be too volatile or incomparable over time or across markets. This is particularly true for data in a) smaller geographies; b) markets with special or changing definitions of active inventory; c) markets with limited or partial listing; and d) coverage markets with limited or partial sales coverage. Where possible, these cases are annotated for individual metrics (see data dictionaries for more info). Also, every month, we reissue the full historical series, and past data points may change as we improve data breadth and accuracy, and/or re-state the data altogether.
Media Inquiries: For media inquiries, please contact our communications team:
Rachel Conner (Communications Manager) –
Lexie Puckett (Communications Director) –
Nicole Murphy (Public Relations Sr. Manager) –
Contact: for questions or guidance on exploring the data, email us at
Subscribe: to receive monthly updates and notifications on latest data and research, subscribe to our mailing list:
INVENTORY – Weekly
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we are making weekly listing inventory data available at national and metro levels. You can read this week’s inventory summary here.
Weekly data updated on October 8th, 2021 with data through October 2nd, 2021.
INVENTORY – Monthly
Monthly data updated on September 30, 2021 with data through September 2021. Next update scheduled for November 4, 2021 with data through October 2021.
Market trends and monthly statistics on active for-sale listings (including median list price, average list price, luxury list price, median days on market, average days on market, total active listings, new listings, price increases, price reductions). Attribution: cite any full or partial use of the data to the ‘ residential listings database. ’
MARKET HOTNESS
Market Hotness Index: scores and rankings based on days on market (supply index) and views per property (demand index). Attribution: cite any full or partial use of the data to the ‘ market hotness index’.
Note:
With the release of its October 2019 housing trends report, ® incorporated a new and improved methodology for capturing and reporting housing inventory trends and metrics. The new methodology uses the latest and most accurate data mapping of listing statuses to yield a cleaner and more consistent measurement of active listings at both the national and local level. The new methodology also allows ® to achieve more consistency and stability in measurements across markets and in each market over time. As a result of these changes, the data released since November 2019 will not be directly comparable with previous data releases (files downloaded before November 2019) and ® economics blog posts. However, future data releases, including historical data, will consistently apply the new methodology.
DATA DICTIONARY
Inventory
Median Listing Price
The median listing price within the specified geography during the specified month.
Median Listing Price M/M
The percentage change in the median listing price from the previous month.
Median Listing Price Y/Y
The percentage change in the median listing price from the same month in the previous year.
Active Listing Count
The count of active listings within the specified geography during the specified month. The active listing count tracks the number of for sale properties on the market, excluding pending listings where a pending status is available. This is a snapshot measure of how many active listings can be expected on any given day of the specified month.
Active Listing Count M/M
The percentage change in the active listing count from the previous month.
Active Listing Count Y/Y
The percentage change in the active listing count from the same month in the previous year.
Days on Market
The median number of days property listings spend on the market within the specified geography during the specified month. Time spent on the market is defined as the time between the initial listing of a property and either its closing date or the date it is taken off the market.
Days on Market M/M
The percentage change in the median days on market from the previous month.
Days on Market Y/Y
The percentage change in the median days on market from the same month in the previous year.
New Listing Count
The count of new listings added to the market within the specified geography. The new listing count represents a typical week’s worth of new listings in a given month. The new listing count can be multiplied by the number of weeks in a month to produce a monthly new listing count.
New Listing Count M/M
The percentage change in the new listing count from the previous month.
New Listing Count Y/Y
The percentage change in the new listing count from the same month in the previous year.
Price Increase Count
The count of listings which have had their price increased within the specified geography. The price increase count represents a typical week’s worth of listings which have had their price increased in a given month. The price increase count can be multiplied by the number of weeks in a month to produce a monthly price increase count.
Price Increase Count M/M
The percentage change in the price increase count from the previous month.
Price Increase Count Y/Y
The percentage change in the price increase count from the same month in the previous year.
Price Decrease Count
The count of listings which have had their price reduced within the specified geography. The price decrease count represents a typical week’s worth of listings which have had their price reduced in a given month. The price decrease count can be multiplied by the number of weeks in a month to produce a monthly price decrease count.
Price Decrease Count M/M
The percentage change in the price decrease count from the previous month.
Price Decrease Count Y/Y
The percentage change in the price decrease count from the same month in the previous year.
Pending Listing Count
The count of pending listings within the specified geography during the specified month, if a pending definition is available for that geography. This is a snapshot measure of how many pending listings can be expected on any given day of the specified month.
Pending Listing Count M/M
The percentage change in the pending listing count from the previous month.
Pending Listing Count Y/Y
The percentage change in the pending listing count from the same month in the previous year.
Median List Price Per Sqft
The median listing price per square foot within the specified geography during the specified month.
Median List Price Per Sqft M/M
The percentage change in the median listing price per square foot from the previous month.
Median List Price Per Sqft Y/Y
The percentage change in the median listing price per square foot from the same month in the previous year.
Median Listing Sqft
The median listing square feet within the specified geography during the specified month.
Median Listing Sqft M/M
The percentage change in the median listing square feet from the previous month.
Median Listing Sqft Y/Y
The percentage change in the median listing square feet from the same month in the previous year.
Avg Listing Price
The average listing price within the specified geography during the specified month.
Avg Listing Price M/M
The percentage change in the average listing price from the previous month.
Avg Listing Price Y/Y
The percentage change in the average listing price from the same month in the previous year.
Total Listing Count
The total of both active listings and pending listings within the specified geography during the specified month. This is a snapshot measure of how many total listings can be expected on any given day of the specified month.
Total Listing Count M/M
The percentage change in the total listing count from the previous month.
Total Listing Count Y/Y
The percentage change in the total listing count from the same month in the previous year.
Pending Ratio
The ratio of the pending listing count to the active listing count within the specified geography during the specified month.
Pending Ratio M/M
The change in the pending ratio from the previous month.
Pending Ratio Y/Y
The change in the pending ratio from the same month in the previous year.
Hotness
Nielsen HH Rank
The specified zip code, county, or metro area’s rank by household count compared to other zip codes, counties and metro areas. A rank value of 1 is the highest by household count.
Hotness Rank Within County
In the case of a zip code, this metric represents the zip code’s Hotness rank, by Hotness score, compared to all other zip codes within its county. A rank value of 1 is considered the hottest (highest Hotness score).
Hotness Rank Within CBSA
In the case of a zip code or county, this metric represents the zip code or county’s Hotness rank, by Hotness score, compared to all other zip codes or counties within its metro area. A rank value of 1 is considered the hottest (highest Hotness score).
Hotness Rank
The specified zip code, county, or metro area’s Hotness rank, by Hotness score, compared to all other zip codes, counties and metro areas. A rank value of 1 is considered the hottest (highest Hotness score).
Hotness Rank (Prev)
The specified zip code, county, or metro area’s Hotness rank in the previous month.
Hotness Rank (Change)
The change in Hotness rank from the previous month. A positive value indicates that the geography’s Hotness has decreased (moved down in ranking), and a negative value indicates that its Hotness has increased (moved up in ranking).
Hotness Score
The Hotness score is an equally-weighted composite metric of a geography’s supply score and demand score.
Supply Score
The supply score is an index representing a zip code, county or metro’s median days on market ranking compared to other zip codes, counties, or metros.
Demand Score
The supply score is an index representing a zip code, county or metro’s listing page views per property ranking compared to other zip codes, counties, or metros.
Median DOM
Median DOM M/M
The change in days in the median days on market from the previous month.
Median DOM M/M Perc
Median DOM Y/Y
The change in days in the median days on market from the same month in the previous year.
Median DOM Y/Y Perc
Median DOM (vs US)
The median days on market in the specified geography divided by the median days on market for the US overall during the same month.
LDP Unique Viewers Per Property M/M
The change in unique viewers a typical property receives in the specified geography from the previous month.
LDP Unique Viewers Per Property Y/Y
The change in unique viewers a typical property receives in the specified geography from the same month in the previous year.
LDP Unique Viewers Per Property (vs US)
The count of viewers a typical property receives in the specified geography divided by the count of views a typical property receives in the US overall during the same month.
Median Listing Price (vs US)
The median listing price within the specified geography divided by the median listing price for the US overall during the same month.
Quality Flag
Triggered (“1”) when data values are outside of their typical range. While rare, these figures should be reviewed before reporting.
The 7 Best Real Estate Websites of 2021 - Investopedia

The 7 Best Real Estate Websites of 2021 – Investopedia

According to the 2020 National Association of REALTORS® Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers, 51% of buyers found the home they purchased on the internet. To put this in perspective, only 28% found the home they bought through their realtor, and 7% from a yard sign.
Real estate websites are attracting so many eyeballs every month because they are adding value for both buyers and sellers. Buyers can preview hundreds of homes within a few hours from the comfort of their couch. Home sellers win, too; their home’s features and pictures are viewed by hundreds of shoppers in the market to buy a new home.
We reviewed 18 real estate sites based on the ease and performance of their search functions, the support features they offer, and their costs. Buying and selling a home can feel overwhelming without wondering which website to use. To give you a head start on your journey, we’ve selected the best real estate websites for your needs.
The 7 Best Real Estate Websites of 2021
Best Overall:
Zillow
Most Accurate:
Best Mobile App:
Trulia
Best for Foreclosures:
Best for Renting:
Best for “For Sale By Owner”:
Best for Heroes:
Homes for Heroes
Founded in 2006 by two former Microsoft executives, Zillow offers the most robust suite of tools for buyers, sellers, landlords, renters, agents, and other home professionals. Zillows power and flexibility make it the best overall real estate website in our review.
Pros
Largest database of over 135 million properties
Extensive criteria sorting
Links to get pre-qualified financing
Volumes of “how-to” guides about home buying and selling
A suite of mobile apps so you can do your research anywhere
Cons
Their proprietary Zestimate® algorithm is only as good as the information loaded into the database
Realtors and lenders pay for leads on the site; if you don’t want to engage with agents, be careful about filling out on-site forms
Aside from the listing agent, the other agents listed on the property record may not know anything about the home
Zillow has one of the most downloaded apps in both Android and Apple platforms. In Google Play, it has over 10 million downloads and has a rating of 4. 4 stars out of 5 by more than 500, 000 users. In the Apple Store, 5. 5 million people have given the app an overall rating of 4. 8 stars out of 5.
The primary Zillow app lets you search for homes and apartments, list yours for sale or rent, tour the home through pictures and videos when available, connect with agents and lenders, save your searches, and receive push notifications of updates to your search criteria.
Zillow sources postings from both the MLS, or multiple listing services, and non-MLS sources. Non-MLS sources include for sale by owner, non-MLS foreclosures, and auctions.
In short, Zillow is free to buyers and sellers and instead makes its money by charging advertising fees to agents, lenders, and other home service providers. It is a source to drive leads to the advertisers.
Affiliated with the National Association of Realtors and linked to over 580 regional Multiple Listing Services, listings are the closest to the gold standard, the MLS, which is updated regularly by realtors. For this reason, is our pick for most accurate real estate website.
Database includes 99% of all MLS-listed properties
Easy to search all listed homes in a school district
Links to get pre-qualified financing and financial calculators buyers
Robust “find a realtor” feature
No option to search “for sale by owner” listings
No option for home sellers to list their property for sale
launched in 1996 and is now operated by Move, Inc., a subsidiary of News Corporation (NWS). The app has around 265, 000 reviews in the Google Play store that give it an average rating of 4. 5 stars. In the Apple Store, around 280, 000 reviews averaged 4. 7 stars.
The app allows you to search for homes, view pictures and video tours, compare neighborhood criteria like noise levels, and updates all its listings in real-time. Draw a shape with your fingertip on the app map and see only the properties within that geographic shape. Users can contact realtors and run financial calculators through the app, too.
The app and website are free to buyers and renters.
Founded in 2005 Trulia has created a website and mobile app that excel at transparency. Since home buyers and renters do so much of their searching using their mobile device, the fact that Trulia’s app is powerful, simple, and easy to use makes it our choice for best mobile app.
Hearty “local info” available on website and app
Personalized alerts for your criteria
Links to get pre-qualified financing and financial calculators in the app
Fine-tune your geographic search by drawing a loop with your finger on the map
Tutorial guides teach you how to maximize your app experience as you use it
Need to sign in or register to save your search criteria
Trulia’s app has over 208, 000 reviews on the Android platform that give it an average rating of 4. In the Apple Store, more than 1 million users voted to give it an average rating of 4. 8 stars. While you can search for both homes for sale and rental apartments in the main Trulia website, Trulia split these niches into two mobile apps, Trulia Real Estate: Find Homes and Trulia Renters for enhanced focus for renters.
Trulia, purchased by Zillow for $2. 5 billion in 2015, has the power of the largest real estate website behind it. It typically updates listing information within 24 hours. As good as the app is, the accuracy of the data is still only as good as what goes into it.
Some of the features people like most about the app are its multiple map views for each property. For example, you can view the property plotted on a map that shows area crime, places to shop and eat, schools, and commute time.
Trulia is the darling for people who want to really understand their potential neighborhood and not just the home and what’s inside. There are even neighborhood reviews by people who live where you’re searching, telling you what they like and don’t like about the area.
The app is free for users.
There are several real estate websites dedicated to foreclosures but has the best mix of search criteria, sorting, quantity of listings, and perhaps most importantly with this complex process, education. For these reasons and more, is our best website for foreclosures.
“How-to” articles, tutorial videos, and checklists on the process of purchasing a foreclosure
More than 750, 000 foreclosure, pre-foreclosure, bankruptcy, and tax lien listings nationwide
Search criteria include shadow inventory, sheriff sales, rent-to-own, city-owned properties, and more
The Document Center contains links for title search on a property and other required forms
7-day free trial period requires a credit card to sign up
Monthly fee is $39. 80
The app is poorly rated because it does not update as frequently as the website
was founded in 1999 by a team of real estate professionals and software developers who wanted to create a one-stop shop for people seeking to buy properties in the foreclosure process. Their data is updated daily directly from the tax rolls, government agencies, and notices of the lenders’ legal actions.
The Apple app has less than 50 user ratings, and the average rating is 1. 5 stars out of five. It fares slightly better in the Google Play store with nearly 400 ratings averaging 2. 6 stars. The app is free to use, but its full features are reserved for people who have paid the monthly subscription fee for the website.
If you think buying a home that’s not in foreclosure can be a little confusing, buying a foreclosure comes with its own set of rules that frighten many people away. At, they understand that it’s complicated and therefore have put a lot of their focus into the tutorial videos, articles, and checklists on the website to walk people through the process of finding a home at a discount. The downloadable documents and links to state-specific laws help steer buyers in the right direction.
As you become familiar with the process, you can search and sort for homes in specific phases of foreclosure. For example, you can search for specific property situations such as sheriff sales and tax liens. Another unique feature is the ability to search for homes listed as “Rent-to-Own. ”
While there is a monthly fee of $39. 80, subscribers pay it because they see the chance to buy a home that could potentially save them tens of thousands of dollars, far more than the cost of the subscription.
For renters eager to learn not only about their apartment choices but also about the surrounding community and tips on improving their rental experience, is the top choice—and it’s our best for renting pick in our review.
Not just apartments; houses, condos, and townhouses, too
Large library of easy-to-digest articles for every phase of your renting experience
Mobile app with search and built-in contact feature
Search by more than just geography, for example, search “Pet Friendly Apartments”
Community guides are very good, but missing “crime” stats
Some user frustrations with sorting capability and updates
It costs $29. 00 plus tax for up to 10 applications in a 30-day period
was founded in 1992 and later purchased by CoStar Group (CSGP) in 2014. CoStar Group is known for being one of the best commercial real estate research companies in the United States. benefits from CoStar’s large research team. Of its one million listings, 500, 000 of them have been visited, photographed, and validated by in-house CoStar researchers.
The app on Google Play has over five million downloads and over 38, 000 reviews that give it an average user rating of 4. In the Apple Store, it is ranked #13 in the Lifestyle category and has an average rating of 4. 8 stars from more than 100, 000 ratings.
and its app are free to search properties. The site makes money by charging renters $29. 00 (plus tax) to apply for up to 10 rentals within 30 days on the mobile app.
Property listings may show pictures, 3D tours, floor plans, availability dates, current rent specials, and added expenses such as a parking or pet fee if applicable. There are also renter reviews, lease length options, and info on nearby shops, restaurants, gyms, banks, groceries, and coffee shops. The site’s Walk Score and Bike Score help users understand neighborhood transportation, and a neighborhood noise level rating help round out a user’s feel for an area.
Saving home sellers commissions since 1997, is our best website for “For Sale By Owner” sellers who want to “DIY” their home sale. has a packaged offering that includes an option to list on the MLS and syndicated real estate websites including Zillow, Trulia, and Realtor, to name a few.
Easy-to-find price plan offers an MLS listing and syndication on real estate websites
Search for professional services in your state to support both buyer and seller
Partners with for searchable access to foreclosure inventory
Less property information than traditional broker listing sites
Fewer search and sort criteria
No mobile app
While selling your home without hiring a listing agent could save you from potentially paying 5% to 6% commission fees, there are fees to sell your home on There are two selling plans offered. The FSBO package for $99. 95 includes a 6-month listing on, a video upload, and unlimited photos.
The MLS package for $399. 95 includes a listing on the MLS and syndication on several of the best real estate websites like Zillow, Trulia, and There are other options available depending on the state in which you live.
When you search for and hire a professional—a photographer, for example—you will pay for those expenses directly to the contractor. But if you’re not a trained real estate agent, the website offers ample information to guide you through the selling process. With attorneys and title agents at your fingertips and legal forms to download, you are well-armed for the task.
Are you a hero? If so, you can buy, sell, or refinance your home and earn rewards and other savings if you serve or have served in the military, or as a firefighter, EMS professional, police officer, healthcare professional, or teacher. Homes for Heroes rates as best for heroes in our review and is the real estate website for you if you serve your community.
Save on numerous services involved in your home sale, purchase, or refinance
Your transactions earn contributions to a nonprofit that supports local heroes
Guarantees the most hero savings amongst all national programs
No free property information to browse on this website
Homes for Heroes is a different real estate website model. Instead of offering a database of homes to browse, your first step with this company is to fill out their online form so one of their specialists can work with you on your goals. There is no mobile app.
If you fit into one of the career (hero) categories they serve, Homes for Heroes saves you money by using its large nationwide network of realtors, lenders, and business services that have agreed to serve you with excellence and with a discounted fee.
Founded in 2002 soon after 9/11, Homes for Heroes launched its national brand in 2009. Since then, it has helped over 46, 000 heroes save over $80 million in real estate transactions totaling more than $11 billion. Their network includes 4, 100 real estate and mortgage professionals committed to serving this critical portion of our society. As a result, Homes for Heroes, Inc. has been able to donate $947, 000 to heroes who need assistance through its 501(c)(3) nonprofit foundation, the Homes for Heroes Foundation.
The savings add up. The company states that most people save at least $2, 400, called a Hero Reward. There is no fee to enroll; the hero pays that price every day just by doing their job.
What Is a Real Estate Website?
Real estate websites bring convenience to buyers and exposure to sellers. Buyers can view hundreds of property images, videos, and features before they ever need to schedule a live tour. Sellers who post their homes on these sites benefit for the same reason; hundreds or thousands of prospective buyers can view their home online without needing to walk through. The other major purpose real estate websites serve is as a marketing channel for the professional service providers that contribute to the transaction. Realtors, mortgage professionals, banks, and inspectors can advertise on the website to generate leads.
How Do Real Estate Websites Get Data?
Real estate websites populate their inventory of homes in a variety of ways. In some cases the input is manual. A realtor or property manager updates a home’s profile or a seller uploads pictures. Other updates happen digitally through each company’s proprietary algorithm. The algorithm collects information from city and town tax databases and regional multiple listing services, to name a few.
Are Real Estate Websites Accurate?
Accuracy has been and still is the biggest challenge for real estate websites and their mobile apps. Some companies have improved their accuracy by validating the information collected by their algorithms using their own research staff. The websites have improved information refreshes from a few times per day to every 15 minutes, or in real-time in some cases.
Are There Fees for Real Estate Websites?
Most sites provide free services for the buyer or renter. The draw is to pull them in without barriers. Typically, however, if you want to use the full features, like saving your search criteria or getting push notifications when a property you are watching lowers its price, you’ll need to give the website your name and email address, and sometimes even your phone number. Once this is done, you may open yourself up to several phone calls and emails from websites charge sellers to list their homes for sale, or for property managers to communicate with their tenants through the app or website. If a renter wants to apply to an apartment through an app, they will have to pay for that convenience too.
How We Chose the Real Estate Websites
To choose the best seven, we reviewed 18 real estate websites. We uncovered their pros and cons, tested the search and sort capabilities, and dove into app reviews to see what people loved and what they wanted to see improved.
The companies’ reputations influenced our decision for the best as well. We studied and compared sites against each other to see which provided more information, how easy it was to find, and whether we can do it on the run in our mobile app.
Finally, we dug into how the website compiled information. Did it seek source data or did it glean it from another third-party site? And we looked at the money; how it’s earned, and who pays for what services. Based on all of these important factors, we selected the best real estate websites.
What Are the Best Public Sources of Real Estate Data?

What Are the Best Public Sources of Real Estate Data?

23 May 2020
Posted at 11:00h
0 Comments
Real Estate is one of the most data-consuming businesses in our world today. From demographics data to statistics and market reports, there is a myriad of information to be analyzed and processed. There are several public sources of real estate data in the US, most of which are free. These sources of data are essential to the success of real estate marketing and development strategies. Let ‘s dive in:There are general depositories of statistics and related data you can access. Some are run by the federal government like and others are provided by public or private institutions. In the following, you can find a list of real estate data resources every real estate professional show know of:ResourceType of DataAccess Stats, demographics, techFreeAssociated General Contractors of America: Economic DataConstruction economicsFree BRB Publications: Public RecordsStats, cities and countiesFreeUS EPA Environmental InformationEnvironmental, mapping, bidding mDemographicsFree mNeighborhood dataFreeUS CensusDemographics, business, revenue, etcFree ZapDataUser data analysisPaidGoogle services (maps, Earth, etc)Maps and geodatabothNational Center for Assisted LivingConsumer info and researchFree Country and International Research Guide*National and international HBS researchFreeNational Multi Housing CouncilMarket trends and reportsPaid Reis, informationPaidLoanPerformance: Mortgage Risk IntelligenceMortgage databasePaidNational Association of Homebuilders Housing DataFree Fitch ratingsRatings for finance markets and businessesPaidNational Association of Real Estate Investment TrustsInvestment dataFree What’s Next? NAR and RESO constantly offer new technologies and protocols to help the real estate industry to coordinate more in terms of data and support. MLS have also begun trying new systems such as reciprocal data exchange and nology pushes the real estate industry to new you need to learn more about real estate technology or update yourself on this subject, we have a great collection of articles that can be accessed through the following link. Enjoy reading, and make sure you submit your questions in the comments section below the Estate Technology

Frequently Asked Questions about get real estate data

Who has the best real estate data?

The 7 Best Real Estate Websites of 2021Best Overall: Zillow.Most Accurate: Realtor.com.Best Mobile App: Trulia.Best for Foreclosures: Foreclosure.com.Best for Renting: Apartments.com.Best for “For Sale By Owner”: FSBO.com.Best for Heroes: Homes for Heroes.

Where can I get real estate data?

What Are the Best Public Sources of Real Estate Data?ResourceType of DataAccessUS EPA Environmental InformationEnvironmental, mapping, bidding dataPaidCity-Data.comDemographicsFreeNeighborhoods.REALTOR.comNeighborhood dataFreeUS CensusDemographics, business, revenue, etcFree13 more rows•May 23, 2020

How do I get access to real estate data?

How to Get Access to the MLS Database: 7 WaysGet your real estate license.Become a broker or realtor.Become a member of the NAR.Hire a realtor.Get sponsored.Use an API to access MLS data.Get analysis MLS listings through a real estate company (such as Mashvisor)Jul 28, 2020

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *